Lead Dioxide Electrode

Titanium based lead dioxide (Ti/PbO2) anode is an anode with PbO2 layer on Ti substrate. It has good corrosion-resistance, high overpotential for the oxygen evolution reaction, strong ability of oxidation in aqueous solution electrolysis, big current density, suitable for all kinds of oxygen evolution system conditions, which now has been widely used in electroplating, hydrometallurgy, wastewater treatment, cathodic protection and other fields.
Ti/PbO2 anode is a base metal anode, its production cost is lower than traditional noble metal electrodes, e.g. mixed metal oxide(MMO) electrode, platinized titanium electrode，etc.

High performance:
1. High overpotential for the oxygen evolution reaction , strong ability of oxidation;
2. Can be used under high current density , high current efficiency , long service life;
3. Good corrosion resistance, higher stability in strong acid H2S04 or HN03;
4. Ti/PbO2 anode, relative to traditional graphite electrode, has more easily machining, higher strength, better corrosion-resistance , Longer service life, lower energy consumption , without expansion and peel off occurred in graphite electrode, there being no risk of increasing carbon content in the deposited metal products on the cathode;
5. Compared with the traditional lead anode, Ti/PbO2 anode's advantage lies in:
(1) Its strength is stronger, the mass is lighter, not easy to deformation during use, can maintain relatively fixed electrode distance, lower cell voltage, saves the electricity, electrode work is more stable, avoiding the economic loss caused by frequent maintenance to the customer, reduce workers labor intensity;
(2) Strong corrosion resistance, long service life, in use process lead dioxide dissolution rate is low，the pollution of cathode products is slight；
(3) The corrosion mechanism of Ti/PbO2 anode and lead anode is different. When lead anode is used in sulfuric acid system, its surface generates a layer of lead oxide thin film which can slow the corrosion of anode. but the film is loose, especially used in the electrolyte containing a small amount of chloride ion, the film is more prone to be punctured, eroded and come off; the exposed surface of the lead in deep layer continue to be oxidated and form a new film, again punctured, cycling in this way, speeding up the anode corrosion. However,Ti/PbO2 anode is always the electrochemical corrosion occurred on lead oxide coatings at work，can keeping a lower  anode  corrosion rate，therefore，the anode has relatively long service life.
6. Compared with the traditional MMO electrode and platinum titanium electrode, the performance of Ti/PbO2 anode is close to that of traditional electrode, the price of Ti/PbO2 electrode is cheaper, less initial investment, maintenance is convenient.

Application Fields
1. Hydrometallurgy industry have several electrolytic work environment, such as chlorate electrolysis, sulfate system electrolysis, chlorate and sulfate mixed system electrolysis. Ti/PbO2 anode applies to:
(1) In sulfuric acid system, electrolytic preparation of a variety of non-ferrous metal, for example, nickel, cobalt, copper, zinc, manganese, tin, etc；
(2) In sulfuric acid system containing a small amount of chloride ion, electrowinning of non-ferrous metal.
2. In strong acid solution such as chromic acid solution etc., plating chromium and plating hard chromium for tin-free steel sheet in the iron and steel industry.
3. Produce perchromate, perchlorate, periodate and other inorganic compounds through electrolytic method. 
4. Electrolysis of wastewater to make the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) meet emission standards.
5. Organic electrochemical synthesis.
6. Replace the expensive platinum anode when producing ozone through electrolysis method.



The advantage of our company products

1. Taking expanded titanium mesh as base material, light weight, high strength;
2. Ti/PbO2 anode using Ti mesh as substrate can reduce the electrolyte flow resistance, improve the efficiency of current, especially under high current density can effectively prevent anode from overheating.
3. The transition layer sintered by the new formula improve the anode conductivity, increase the adhesion strength of the coatings and substrate, effectively prevent substrate passivation, reduce the cell voltage, and extend the service life of the anode.
4. Using doping, composite plating technology etc. effectively reduce the internal stress of the coatings, prevent coatings from falling off in use, and improve the stability of the anode and service life.

For more information, please read at www.eladeanode.com.

Electrode Type and Application Fields

An electrode is a conductor that passes an electrical current from one medium to another, usually from a power source to a device or material. It can take a number of different forms, including a wire, a plate, or a rod, and is most commonly made of metal, such as copper, silver, lead, or zinc, but can also be made of a non-metallic substance that conducts electricity, such as graphite. 

An electrode in an electrochemical cell is referred to as either an anode or a cathode. The anode is now defined as the electrode at which electrons leave the cell and oxidation occurs, and the cathode as the electrode at which electrons enter the cell and reduction occurs. Each electrode may become either the anode or the cathode depending on the direction of current through the cell. A bipolar electrode is an electrode that functions as the anode of one cell and the cathode of another cell.

Anodes and Cathodes

In the case of a direct (DC) current, electrodes come in pairs, and are known as anodes and cathodes. For a  DC source, the cathode is defined as the electrode from which the current leaves, and the anode as the point where it returns. For reasons that are historical rather than scientific, electricity in a circuit is, by convention, depicted as traveling from positive to negative, so that it is seen as a flow of positive charge out from the cathode, and into the anode. An electrical current, however, consists of a flow of tiny negatively charged particles called electrons, so this flow is actually in the opposite direction. In this context, it is probably better to think simply in terms of positive and negative terminals.

Electrolysis
To obtain a given element, an ionic compound of that element can be electrolyzed. An example is the production of sodium metal from molten salt, or sodium chloride. When the current flows, positively charged sodium ions are attracted to the negative electrode, or cathode, where they gain electrons, forming sodium metal. Negatively charged chloride ions are attracted to the anode, where they lose electrons, forming chlorine gas, which is also collected as a by-product.

Electroplating
In this process, a metal object is coated with another metal to improve its corrosion resistance or appearance. The object to be coated forms the cathode in an electrolysis process by being immersed in a solution of a soluble compound of the metal that will form the coating, with the anode also made of this metal. When the current flows, positive metal ions from the solution are attracted to the cathode, and form a deposit on it. As the ions in solution are used up, they are replaced by ions that form from the anode. Sometimes, the anode is made from a different material that is not used up; in this method, the metal ions have to be replaced by topping up the solution.


Electrodes Usage 

Electrodes for medical purposes, such as EEG (for recording brain activity), ECG (recording heart beats), ECT (electrical brain stimulation), defibrillator (recording and delivering cardiac stimulation);
Electrodes for electrophysiology techniques in biomedical research;
Electrodes for electrolysis;
Electrodes for electroplating; 
Electrodes for cathodic protection;
Electrodes for grounding;
Electrodes for chemical analysis using electrochemical methods;
Inert electrodes for electrolysis (made of platinum);
Membrane electrode assembly;
Chemically modified electrodes,which are electrodes that have their surfaces chemically modified to change the electrode's physical, chemical, electrochemical, optical, electrical, and transport properties. These electrodes are used for advanced purposes in research and investigation. 

For more information, please look at www.eladeanode.com or email us at helen@sxelade.com